A lot has changed in recent years, especially in Diabetic conditions as the FAA tries to reduce the burden for affected pilots while maintaining the safety of the National Airspace.
Pre-diabetes is now a CACI condition where if certain criteria are met, the AME can issue a Medical Certificate without deferring to the FAA. Among the criteria are: Letter from your doctor saying you are stable, and symptom-free, no hypoglyemic events,a fasting blood sugar less than 126, and and A1C test with a value of 6.5 or less. The only allowable medicine is metformin.
If you have diabetes, and diet and exercise are controlling it, then the AME can issue all classes, if there is no sugar in your urine and a recent A1C test is normal. Otherwise, this condition need an FAA review.
Airmen on medications for diabetes (not including insulin) are eligible for a Special Issuance and AASI follow-up renewals.
At this time, only Third Class Medicals are available. Also, be aware, that ICAO countries frown on insulin-requiring pilots.
Hypothyroid diseases are CACI conditions unless symptomatic, or with uncorrected TSH levels. Only certain, common thyroid meds are acceptible. Hyperthyroid condition are Special Issuance, usually with AME-Assisted follow-up renewals.
Are generally Special Issuance, see the current table of conditions.
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